Pavey 1954 the Story of the Growth of Nursing as an Art

INTRODUCTION

Nursing is one of the oldest arts and is an essential modern occupation. It began with the need to provide care and comfort to those suffering from illness and injury. It has been, therefore, as long every bit there has been life. Evidences back up that nurturing is essential to preserve life. Survival of human being race is an intertwined with development of nursing. Knowledge of general history is necessary as a basis to understand and interpret the changes which accept taken place in nursing. The roots of medicine and nursing are intertwining and found in mythology, aboriginal eastern and western cultures and religions.

Cognition of the profession'south history increases the nurse's sensation and promotes an agreement of the social and intellectual origins of the discipline. From its earliest history, the nursing was a form of customs service to protect and preserve the family unit. Historically men and women held the role of nurse. In prehistoric period, women were responsible for gathering herbs, roots and plants that were used to heal the ill.

PREHISTORIC NURSING

Myths, songs and other findings of the archeologists throw calorie-free on prehistoric human being's intendance for the ill. Information technology was believed that 'evil spirits cause illness within the body'. Body was ill-treated by starving, beating, administering nauseous substances, beating of drums, magic rites and ceremonies and by causing sudden fright to go rid of evil spirit. Doctor cum nurse was the magic man.

NURSING IN Early on CIVILIZATIONS (Aboriginal TIMES)

In Egypt

Medicine was thought to exist Devine in Origin. Temples took identify of hospitals and doctor cum nurse was the priest. High ranking women who became priestesses in temples played office of nurses. Mothers and daughters nursed sick at home. Sacred books were strictly followed by priest physicians. Arab republic of egypt made progress in medicine and nursing, Egypt made progress in medicine, surgery and nursing though it soon declined for no dissection was permitted.

In Greece

Medicine was closely connected with organized religion. Apollo, the Sun God, was their God of healing; Asclepius, the son of Apollo, was the Greek God of medicine. Hygeia, the daughter of Apollo, for magical cures for their illnesses. Temples were besides places for the treatment of ill and priest dr. was in charge of them. Personal cleanliness, exercise and the dietetics were emphasized. Hippocrates, in 100 BC, known every bit "Father of Scientific Medicine" separated medicine from organized religion for the first time.

In Rome

There was proper sanitation, drainage and sewage arrangement. Roman noble women cared for the sick. With the invent of Christianity, deacons and deaconess performed duties of nurses.

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In China

There was an advancement in medicine and surgery. They had good knowledge of internal organs and knew near blood circulation. They practiced dissections, vaccination and physiotherapy. The ill were prayed for in halls of healing. Importance was given to cleanliness and hygiene.

In India

3000 BC

Ayurvedic system stressed hygiene, sickness prevention, inoculation confronting smallpox, sanitation, good ventilation, and kitchen, construction of hospitals, medicinal plants cultivation and suitable edifice for animals.

700 BC to 600 BC

Nurse attended the patient, cool headed and pleasant in his demeanor, didn't speak ill of everyone, was stiff and circumspect to requirements of the sick and strictly followed instructions of physicians. According to Charakha Sanhita: There should be resourcefulness, devotedness, purity of heed and body. Attendants of ill should have expert behavior and should be distinguished for purity and cleanliness of habits. Nursing treatments prescribed were baths, enema, emetics, vaginal and urethral infusions, venesection, gargles, massages, rubbing or pressing limbs, etc. Nurse assisted patient to walk or move about, to make clean beds. Nurse should be skilled in compounding drugs and ever willing to do her work.

226 BC to 250 BC

Rex Ashoka built monasteries and hospitals for both men and animals. Doctors and midwives were to be trustworthy and skillful. They had to wear clean clothes, cut curt nails. Operations preceded past religious ceremonies and prayers. Nurses were unremarkably men or former women. Women cared for ill members in the family. Nursing of patients seemed to have been devoted primarily to men, smashing deal of unrewarded piece of work. Qualities expected of nursing attendants were good beliefs, purity, kindness and skill. Ashoka made provision for the education and training of women for that purpose.

EARLY CHRISTIAN ERA (1 – 500 Ad)

Religious behavior played a major function in edifice attitude towards the ill and mode of caring for the sick and their sufferings. Christianity believed in rendering services of honey to humanity without whatever reward. Women assisted clergy in the work of church.

Deaconess

Originated from Greek discussion 'diakonia' which means 'to minister' or 'to serve' in both the material and spiritual sense. Women who were mature, gave didactics and cared for the sick in homes. Marriage was not prohibited, and they could live at dwelling. Duties included clerical work in church, educational activity, helping women converts, pedagogy in missions and visiting the ill. They accept been called the first visiting nurses.

Widows

They assisted deaconess in home visiting. Freedom from responsibilities at home was a necessity.

Virgins

They were younger women, assisted in caring for church vestments and in giving alms to poor. They lived in their own homes, and received no pay except when necessary. Social club of virgins was created when church building felt that virginity was essential to purity of life.

Later, widows and virgins merged into group of nuns, certain things were common:

1. Wore usual clothes of women, later on dressed more than uniformly.

2. Lived in ain houses and many received allocation from church building.

3. All members were enrolled for church service.

5 Phoebe was the showtime deaconess, intelligent, educated who could care for the sick in their homes. She can exist compared to a modern public wellness nurse.

Fabiola was the daughter of a great Roman Noble. She converted her palace into infirmary, outset Christian hospital in Rome, nerveless the poor and sick from streets and cared herself, in her palace.

Paula was the friend of Fabiola, devoted herself for the services of ill. She built hospital for strangers, pilgrims and travelers and for the sick, constructed monastery in Bethlehem.

Marcella was wealthy woman. She was able to pb a group of loftier-rank women and induced them in works of clemency.

MEDIEVAL ERA (500 AD – 1500 AD)

The period betwixt 500 AD and 1500 AD is generally known as "Middle ages". The Roman Empire broke-up. The seat of the Roman authorities was shifted from Rome to Constantinople. The medical schools appeared in Roman times disappeared. The exercise of medicine reverted back to archaic medicine dominated past superstition and dogma. Consequently, there was no progress in medicine or surgery. The Medieval period is, therefore, called the "Dark Ages of Medicine".

'Altruism' taught that sincere love for God and a desire to be like him, would be the chief motive for one's selfless and sacrificial service to the mankind without hope of reward. Information technology inspired men and women opened their homes to the ill who were called "Diakonia".

1. Monasticism: Monasteries became primary place for education, medicine and nursing. Monks and nuns worked equally doctors and nurses. They were skilled in the utilize of habitation remedies. They got scientific knowledge in care of the sick from books in monasteries. Monasteries did basis work for the development of universities, gave medical and nursing care to travelers, poor and needy. Women institute liberty to develop ideas and skills in monasteries. They became wealthier, gained more freedom and political power. Monasteries when criticized, made rules stricter and many lost interest in the work. Between ninth and10th century, monasteries declined.

2. Military Nursing Orders: During the middle ages, a religious movement known as the Crusades, took identify. There was mass movement of devoted people who left their homes nether the leadership of soldiers and Knights to Jerusalem to rescue the tomb of Jesus Christ from the muslims. In order to render medical and nursing care to the ill and wounded, 2 military orders were formed:

   1. Order of knights of St John of Jerusalem

   2. Order of knights of St Lazarus

   The nursing orders brought discipline and unquestioned obedience into nursing. They rendered excellent nursing service. The traditions of the order of St John live today in the St John Ambulance Corps. The order of St Lazarus specialized in the intendance of leprosy patients. In brusk, nursing was greatly enriched with and strengthened past these military orders.

3. Medicant and Secular Nursing Orders: Medicants were travelling monks. They gave-up their possessions and lived with the poor. They earned their livelihood past manual labor or begging. They were all inspired past the religious teachings of Jesus Christ. St Dominie and St Francis of Assisi were well-known monks, and each had large number of followers. The followers of these monks took vows of chastity and obedience. 1 of the activities was giving nursing care to the sick. They formed various religious and non-religious orders for providing nursing care.

MODERN ERA (1500 – 1850 AD)

Dark Ages in Nursing (1500 AD – 1850 AD)

• Renaissance (14th to 16th century): New ideas in art, architecture and literature developed. Reformation (1517): Revolt against feudalism and power of church over nonchurch matters.

• Industrial revolution: Alter in industry of goods from production in homes to factories. Many left state to settle near factories. Children used to get to work for long hours to aid family in earning livelihood.

• Unhealthy living conditions: People lived in crowded, unhygienic/unsanitary conditions. There were illness, poverty and suffering.

• vi Hospitals: Hospitals were needed more than ever. Hospitals were influenced by politics. Lay people who lacked religious motive, were hired to treat the patients. There was no isolation of patients. Doctor did virtually nursing duties like irresolute sheets, doing dressings and giving medicines. Servants did bathing, intendance of excreta.

• Nursing: Information technology included generally cleaning and scrubbing. Nurses were poorly-fed, over-worked and treated badly. Nurses lacked in skills and morals. Women of refinement and intelligence didn't take-up nursing.

Renowned Nursing Personalities of the Fourth dimension were:

Saint Vincet De Paul (1576 – 1660 AD): Born in little village of Pony, French republic, went to Rome. He educated poor boys, brought food to hungry peasants and attended the sick, founded confraternity of clemency for women (1617): Visiting Nurse Association. He exhorted wealthy women to seek God through works of clemency, comfort of food and intendance in sickness to prisoners. He founded night shelters and workshops for idle beggars. Purposes were to reform the clergy, conduct missions among the poor people, torso relief to the poor and sick while providing spiritual welfare. He was Founder of Daughters of Charity (1633AD):Starting time organized group to make practice of nursing ill in their homes. Now it is called sisters of clemency. Training period was 6 months to one year and consisted of:

1. Practise of prayer and spiritual life in social club to teach poor.

2. To attend to needs during disease.

3. Dressings of sores of poor.

4. Serving and cooking.

5. Moral training for themselves.

Elizabeth Fry (1780 – 1845 AD): Famous for work among prisoners. Founder of institute of nursing sisters in 1840. Worked for sick poor. Became interested in terrible weather—both physical and moral—that existed in prisons.

Fig. 1.i: Florence Nightingale, Lady with the Lamp

Florence Nightingale (1820 – 1910 Ad): The era of mod nursing commences with the work of Florence Nightingale in the Crimean war. She was built-in on May 12, 1820. She belonged to a well-to-exercise family. She felt that God had called her to a mission of Mercy and nursing appeared as suitable for her calling. In 1851, she went to Kaiserwerth, Federal republic of germany, for her early on nursing preparation. After leaving Kaiserwerth, she continued to examine the facilities at infirmary, reformatories and charitable institutions. In 1853, she became superintendent of the Infirmary for invalid Gentlewomen in London. During the Crimean war, Nightingale volunteered to go to Suctari, Turkey, where she organized a nursing department and devoted her efforts to eliminating sanitation problems in the wards (Fig. one.ane).

Nightingale's work make her popular with the men. They called her "The Lady of the Lamp", in recognition of her Turkish candle lantern, which she carried through the corridors packed with wounded soldiers. After returning dorsum to England afterward war, she established a teaching establishment for nurses at St Thomas Hospital and at Male monarch's College Hospital in London. Within a vii few years later on its foundation, the Nightingale School began receiving requests for nurses to found new schools and hospitals worldwide and Nightingale's reputation as the founder of modern nursing was assured. During her career, Nightingale concentrated on army sanitation reform, ground forces hospitals and sanitation in Republic of india and amidst the poorer classed in England. For her efforts, Nightingale received numerous honors, including the Society of Merit from King Edward VII, Germany'south Cross of Merit and France's Secours Aux Blesses Militaries. She wrote between 15,000 and 20,000 letters to friends and distinguished acquaintances. Nightingale was regarded equally pioneer in the graphic display of statistics and was elected as the fellow of the Royal Statistical Society in 1858. In 1874, an honorary membership in the American Statistical Clan was bestowed on her. Her writings, Notes on Matters Affecting the Health, Efficiency and Hospital Administration of the British Regular army (1858), Notes on Hospitals (1858), Notes on Nursing (1859), Notes on the Sanitary States of the Army in India (1871), and Life or Death in Republic of india (1874), reverberate her standing concerns about these bug. She worked into her eighties gathering information about nursing and healthcare. She died in her sleep at the age of 90 on August xiii, 1910 in London.

HISTORY OF NURSING IN India

• 1664–Military machine Nursing was started by Eastward India Visitor in St George Military Infirmary in Madras.

• 1854–Govt. sanctioned training schoolhouse for midwives.

• 1861–Public health nursing school was started.

• 1867–St. Stephens hospital at Delhi was first 1 to begin training of Indian girls as nurses.

• 1871–First School of nursing started in Govt. Full general Hospital, Madras with 6 months diploma midwives programme.

• 1890-1900–Many schools nether mission or govt. were started in various parts of India.

• 1897–Dr BC Roy did great work in raising the standards of nursing and that of male and female person nurses.

• 1908–TNAI formed to uphold dignity and honour of nursing profession.

• 1918–Training schools were started for health visitors and dais at Delhi and Karachi.

• 1926–Madras land formed the first registration council to provide basic standards in teaching and preparation.

• 1946–First iv-year basic Bachelor Degree programme was established at RAK College of Nursing in Delhi and CMC, Vellore.

• 1947–After independence, Community Development Plan and expansion of hospital service created a big demand for nurses, ANM, health visitors, midwives, nursing tutors and nursing administrators.

• 1949–INC was constituted.

• Miss Andrenwala was appointed every bit Nursing Advisor to Govt. of India.

• 1959–the first master's programme in nursing was started at RAK College of Nursing, New Delhi.

• 1963–Schoolhouse of Nursing in Trivandrum instituted the commencement 2 years post-certificate Bachelor Degree plan.

• 1985–IGNOU, established.

• 1986–M Phil at RAK College of nursing, New Delhi, was started.

• 1991–The first doctoral program in nursing was established in institute of nursing sciences, MV Shetty Memorial College, Mangalore.

• 1992–Postbasic program started nether IGNOU.

• 2002 onwards–Nursing education flourished in an unprecedented manner throughout Republic of india.

• 2005-06 INC started PhD programme (INC consortium) with the collaboration of Rajiv Gandhi Academy with 25 seats.

• 2010–BFUHS, Faridkot, started PhD plan.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Cope, Zachary. Six Disciples of Florence Nightingale. 1st edition, 1961. Pitman Medical Publishing Co. Ltd.

1. Jamieson, Elizabeth M, Eleanor B. Trends in Nursing History. Their Social, International and Ethical Relationships. 6th edition, 1966. B Saunders Company Philadelphia,  London.

1. Pavey, Agnes E. The Story of the Growth of Nursing as an Art, a vocation and a profession. 5th edition, 1959. Faber and Faber Limited,  London.

1. Pearse, EM. Ninety-four years ago… The Nursing Journal of India, Feb. 2005. Vol. XCVI.

1. Samer, Margaret C. Trends and Professional person Adjustments in Nursing. Reprint 1962. WB Saunders Company, Philadelphia,  London.

1. Seymer, Lucy Ridgely. A General History of Nursing. 4th edition, 1956. Faber and Faber Express,  London.

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